A Brief Note On An Academic And Professional Act - 1599 Words

An academic and professional act that seeks to facilitates the welfare of individuals; family groups, communities and groups are social workers. When being a social worker their job is to promote development, social change, empowerment and cohesion and other things such as human rights, collect rights and respect for diversities. When being a social worker the job is a hard task mentally and physically but someone has to do it. On February 12, 1994 there was an anonymous call made to the police to the home of 26-yearold Clarabel Ventura in Boston’s Roxbury neighborhood (Varley, 1994, p.1). There was a report stating that there were six hungry children, ages nine months to seven years confined to a room strewn with human feces and the children had been with out food for days (Varley, 1994, p.1). The police had found the five year old son laying on a soaked mattress covered in his own blood, urine and feces and his hands had been badly scalded from his wriest to his finger tips down to the bone, according to Boston Police Sergeant David Aldrich said it had appeared that someone had plunged the childs hands into a boiling liquid (Varley, 1994, p.1). Ventura’s children had been in and out of her custody since 1987, and she had made repeated efforts to kick her drug addiction and to obtain and equivalency of a high school diploma. Due to the disturbing details of the case it was presented in the Boston press, embellishing the initial lurid account (Varley, 1994, p.1). TheShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Co Teaching For Students With Special Education1189 Words   |  5 Pagesat the same time in the same physical space to a heterogeneous group of students (Friend and Cook, 2004). A student with special needs has the right to a free and appropriate public education. This is mandated under the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA 2004). This law also states that a student should be educated in their least restrict environment. Ideally, this would be the ge neral education classroom. Co-teaching was designed to support the needs of students with disabilities in a generalRead MoreEnglish Is A Global Language1474 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, conferencing , and computer storage as well as the language of international air traffic control. English is also the central language used for purposes of international communications, and international politics , business communications, and academic communities. English is an official language or is predominantly spoken in the following countries : in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia (Australian English), the Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Belize (Belizean Kriol), the British Indian OceanRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreHow Into An Idea Of Entrepreneurship? Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesthe pitch and how to do it. I informed that what you described me for the last half an hour, write it down. It will be a prototype. When you would make a slide with the gist of the prototype, it is generally named pitch. A pitch deck basically is a brief presentation, often created using PowerPoint, Keynote or Prezi, used to provide your audience with a quick overview/short summary of your company, business venture and startup. You will usually use your pitch during face-to-face or online meetingsRead MoreMy First Learning Aim : Academic Goals Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Aim 1: Academic Goal In establishing my first learning aim, I had to make slight changes because originally I had used this as my personal aim, in where I wanted to gain confidence in handling conflict throughout the various situations I was put in with my placement. With the advice from my academic advisor my original idea of this learning aim was too vague and difficult for myself to create links on integrating theory with gaining confidence. From that given recommendation by my studentRead MorePrevention, Intervention, And Treatment Options1560 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention, Intervention, and Treatment Options According to McWhirter et al. (2017), the act of suicide is neither comfortable nor easy; however, experiencing a series of painful events lessens the fear of death, which prepares individuals for attempting to take their own lives. Establishing a framework of evidence-based preventions, interventions, and treatment options provides opportunities to help at-risk youth and their families find solutions to difficult problems that they might encounterRead MoreReflective Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesyour revelation is significant on a larger scale. USES OF REFLECTIVE ESSAYS Reflective essays help a person to become more attuned to noticing, listening, recording, reflecting and responding to the realities around him/her - be it social, professional or academic. Through the process of reflecting a persons perspective and attitudes will grow and change. The mindful, reflective stand will make him/her more responsive and responsible to issues around him or her. Reflective writings will help theRead MoreHow Do You Tune An Idea? Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pitch and how to do it. I informed that what you described me for the last half an hour, write it down. It will be a prototype. When you would make a slide with the gist of the prototype, it is generally named pitch. A pitch deck basically is a brief presentation, often created using PowerPoint, Keynote or Prezi used to provide your audience with a quick overview/short summary of your company, business venture and startup. You will usually use your pitch during face-to-face or online meetings withRead MoreMarketing Procedure And Supply Chain Management System Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pitch and how to do it. I informed that what you described me for the last half an hour, write it down. It will be a prototype. When you would make a slide with the gist of the prototype, it is generally named pitch. A pitch deck basically is a brief presentation, often created using PowerPoi nt, Keynote or Prezi used to provide your audience with a quick overview/short summary of your company, business venture and startup. You will usually use your pitch during face-to-face or online meetings withRead MoreStrength Based Iep : A Program1356 Words   |  6 PagesBased IEPS City University of Seattle Strength-Based IEP A strength-based IEP is an Individualized Educational Program that focuses on a child’s strengths instead of their deficits. If we look at the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), we will see that under the section Development of the IEP; it says the team shall consider the strengths of the child when writing an IEP. Showing the importance of focusing on strengths in the IEP because every child has them and as adults

Essay about The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - 444 Words

The Lottery Although the writer gives ample clues throughout the story, the reader finds itself so shocked at the end of the story, he feels the impact of the stone thrown right along with Tessie. To end with such a climactic feeling, the author uses several forms of literary devices; however, the two that I will explore are setting and irony. The day itself is a day beautiful enough for a picnic. It was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. (272) The descriptions here make you think of people getting together for a celebration. The author goes on to describe the children gathering together, first quietly, then later they joined†¦show more content†¦(273) The author has created a setting that portrays something exciting and something to be eagerly anticipated. To achieve the dramatic effect intended, the author has also used irony. Irony exists in this story from the very beginning in the form of the title of the story, The Lottery. We usually associate the term lottery with something good#8212;something we would like to win. In this story, however, the person who wins the lottery is actually the loser, that is, they are to be stoned. Irony is also in use when Old Man Warners responds to talk of other villages giving up the lottery by saying, Pack of crazy fools#8230;Next thing you know, theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore, live that way for a while. (276) In his way of thinking, giving up the lottery would be barbaric and a tradition of human cruelty by stoning a person to death is considered to be civilized. Iron is also present in the fact that the people appear to be concerned about the women having to draw. For example, when Clyde Dunbars wife had to draw, Mr. Summers asked, Dont you have a grown boy to do it for you, Janey? (275) However, when it comes time for the stoning, they show no concern that it is a woman about to be stoned. After it was discovered that the Hutchinson family was the winner of the first round and the family had drawn again, the two children, Nancy and Bill, Jr., opened their paper and both beamed andShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Higher Pleasures Unique to Human Beings Free Essays

John Stuart Mill argues In utilitarianism that higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Higher pleasures are those pleasures that require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy. More specifically, higher pleasures are intellectual pleasures while lower pleasures are sensual pleasures. We will write a custom essay sample on Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mill argues that animals are not capable of experiencing higher pleasures because animals are not aware of their higher facilities; animals lack the conscious ability to be curious, to achieve a sense of self-worth from volunteering. or to hold a deep and intellectual conversation. Mill successfully argues in utilitarianism that higher pleasures are not only distinct and unique to human beings, but are also more desirable and valuable than lower pleasures because human beings have higher facilities for happiness. â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig dissatisfied,† (pg 18. ) Mill uses this example because human beings have experienced both higher and lower pleasures, and would not willingly switch from a life of hgher pleasures toa life of lower pleasures. Through controlled experiences, Griffen and Speck argue in New Evidence of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some torm ot primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes. Intellectual pleasures may be unique to humans, but sensual pleasures are now being examined and documented in animals. How do we, as humans, know with certainty that higher pleasures are more desirable and valuable than lower pleasures? Mill argues that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures with the following example, human beings know both sides of the question, while pigs only know their side of the question. Human beings nd animals have two very different ideas of happiness and content â€Å"It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low, has the greatest chance of having them fully satisfied†¦ and they will not make him enw the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections, but only because he feels not at all the good which those Imperfections qualify† (page 18. ) Mill argues that no human being, who knows both sides of the question, would voluntarily go from a Ife of higher pleasures to a life of lower pleasures. Mill states that once a human being is ade aware of their higher pleasures, they would never be happy to leave a life of higher pleasures for a life of lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are therefore superior in kind to lower pleasures. We can think of levels of pleasure on a continuum, with lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep on the lower end of the continuum, and higher pleasures, such as reading a book, volunteering, or seeing a good play on the higher end of the continuum. Human beings have experience both kinds of pleasure, higher and lower, and are therefore are qualified with the knowledge to distinguish that higher pleasures are more valuable and desirable than ower pleasures. In tne artlcle New Evidence 0T Animal consciousness, GrlTTen ana speck present evidence that support the idea that animals are capable of experiencing at least some level of consciousness. In the article, consciousness is described as â€Å"the subjective state of feeling or thinking about objects and events† (pg 6. The authors encourage us to think of consciousness also along a continuum, with basic consciousness on one end, and a â€Å"higher† form on consciousness on the other. The authors agree with Natsoula’s evidence that animals have some form of basic onsciousness, â€Å"Animals are sometimes aware of objects and events, including social relationships, memories, and simple short-term anticipation of likely happenings in the near future† (pa ge 6. However, animals do not experience a form of advanced or â€Å"higher† consciousness that is unique to humans. The chapter states that if animals are conscious, their conscious level probably varies from the simplest feelings to thinking about the common problems they can face, and ways to avoid it. As stated above, consciousness requires some form minimum of cognitive capacities, animals lack any form of cognitive capacities, leaving higher pleasures istinctively unique to human beings. The central question in the article is whether or not animals experience a form of basic consciousness, and if so, what is the content of their awareness, a question that can help us better understand them, their way of life, and what type of pleasures they experience. Referring back to Mill’s Utilitarianism, Mill argues that higher pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than lower pleasures. Utilitarian writers, in general, agree that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures because they place an emphasize on mental pleasures over bodily pleasures. And in general, Utilitarian writers agree that although you can enjoy more lower pleasures, you cannot consider quality alongside quantity; the level of your happiness should depend on the quantity of your pleasures. At this point, I think it would be fair to say that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, perhaps the most simple evidence to support this claim can be found in Frith et al. ‘s study. â€Å"Gestures and movements can be made with a deliberate communicative intent†¦ This realization of the significance of communication as a source of evidence about conscious feelings and thoughts ntails a simple transfer to animals of the basic methods by which we infer what our human companions are thinking or feeling† (pg 12. ) Animals communicate a variety of thoughts and feelings, proving that they possess some form of primary or basic consciousness. And because animals possess some form of primary consciousness, it would be fair to say that animals experience some for of sensual experiences, or what Mill would define as lower pleasures. Another piece of evidence that supports the claim that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, can be seen in Weir et al’s experiment. In this experiment, it is shown how birds communicate through their own distinct behavior; it is shown how birds are able to adapt to an experimentally given environment. Two birds were presented with a bucket full of food, the bucket was placed at the bottom of a transparent vertical tube that could not be reached without their beak’s alone. The birds were then presented with two wires, one with a straight end, and the other with a bent end that formed a hook. The food was much easier to obtain with the nook endea wire. I ne Temale Dlra was always presented wltn tne stralgnt end, ana he male bird was always presented with the hooked end; however, the female bird was able to adapt to her environment and bend the end of her wire so that her wire was also hooked at the end. When only two straight wires were presented to the birds, the female bird was able to adapt and bend the wire to better reach her food, without any example or lead from the male bird’s wire. Through this experiment, it is clear that the female bird was able to adapt to her given environment. Her primary consciousness accompanied her form of perception, and influenced her action. â€Å"She had no model to imitate and, to our knowledge, no pportunity for hook making to emerge by chance shaping or reinforcement of randomly generated behavior† (pg 12. ) It is clear to see that the female bird perceived her goals as desirable; she saw that she needed food, and she made conscious adjustments in order to attain her goal. Her primary consciousness influenced her form of action. Linking back to Mill’s Utilitarianism, lower pleasures only require a simple, primary form a consciousness. New Evidence of Animal Consciousness argues that primary consciousness is, â€Å"The state or facility of being mentally conscious or aware of anything† (pg 6. The article argues through controlled experiments that animals can possess a primary form of consciousness. And because animals possess a form of simple, basic consciousness, they also possess the ability to experience lower pleasures. Animal’s possess the full mental capacity to live their lives to facilitate the highest level of their lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Human beings possess the inapt mental capacity to experience a form of pleasure derived from our intellect. Higher pleasures require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy; because human eings have high cognitive capacities, we are capable of reaching higher levels of pleasure than animals. In the book Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill, Mill argues that higher pleasures can only be experienced by human beings because we possess some minimum of cognitive capacities; and that lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep, can be experienced by any living that has a primary or basic conscious. Through controlled experiences, it is argued in New Evidence of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some form of primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes. How to cite Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings, Papers

Lost Gospel Of Saint Thomas Essay Research free essay sample

Lost Gospel Of Saint Thomas Essay, Research Paper The Gospel of Thomas is a aggregation of expressions attributed to Jesus of Nazareth. Unless it is simply a aggregation of stuffs that chiefly were drawn out of the Biblical Gospels, as seems improbable for most if non all of Thomas # 8217 ; expressions, so Thomas is the most of import historical beginning for cognition of Jesus of Nazareth that exists outside of the Bible. It is the most important manuscript of all time found for the history of earliest Christian religion. When the Gospel was written is question many bookmans are debated. Scholars say that it was written at about the same clip, even possibly slightly before, the Gospels in the bible. Their statement is that most of the expressions in Thomas show no marks of holding any dependance on, or cognition of, the Biblical Gospels and so Thomas # 8217 ; expressions derive from unwritten tradition and non from written Biblical texts. This doesn # 8217 ; t seem to hold been possible after the terminal of the first century when the Biblical texts began to be important in Christianity. Other bookmans find spots of grounds that indicate that Thomas was so dependent, in portion, on Biblical texts, and guess that the writer of Thomas must hold edited out about all indicants of the peculiar manners and thoughts of the Biblical writers. Those bookmans day of the month Thomas in the mid 2nd century A.D. Another great inquiry is of who wrote the Gospel. No 1 knows. The four canonical Gospels and Thomas and other Gospels such as the Gospel of Philip ( found at Nag Hammadi ) were given their names some clip in the 2nd century. Scholars of the New Testament by and large agree that none of the Gospels were written by people who had of all time met Jesus of Nazareth during his life-time. But at a ulterior day of the month names were assigned to them that were associated with celebrated persons in the earliest church. The name of the individual who purportedly wrote the Gospel of Thomas is given in the first lines of the text as # 8221 ; didymos Judas Thomas. # 8221 ; The word # 8221 ; didymos # 8221 ; is Grecian for twin and the word # 8221 ; Thomas # 8221 ; is Aramaic for twin. The single # 8217 ; s name was Judas, and his moniker # 8221 ; the twin # 8221 ; is given in two linguistic communications. The canonical Gospels mention a adult male named Thomas and John calls him didym os Thomas. There are besides several persons named Judas mentioned in the canonical Gospels in add-on to Judas called Iscariot. The bottom line is that we do non cognize who wrote the Gospel of Thomas and we can non be certain which Judas mentioned in the New Testament besides was nicknamed Thomas. Parts of three Grecian transcripts of the Gospel of Thomas were found in Oxyrhynchus Egypt about one hundred old ages ago. They are known as Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1 ( Oxy P 1 ) likely written non much later than the twelvemonth 200, Oxy P 654, which can be dated to the center or terminal of the 3rd century, and Oxy P 655 dated non subsequently than A. D. 250 ( dating harmonizing to Grenfell and Hunt ) . A complete version in Coptic ( the indigen Egyptian linguistic communication written in an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet ) was found in Nag Hammadi Egypt in 1945. That version can be dated to about 340 A.D. The Coptic version is a interlingual rendition of the Grecian version. Most bookmans believe that the Gospel of Thomas was originally written in Syria in the Grecian linguistic communication. The basic position is that the Kingdom of God is spread out upon the Earth now, if people can merely come to see it ; and that there is godly visible radiation within all people, a visible radiation that can enable them to see the Kingdom of God upon the Earth. Further, the position of Thomas is that the Image of God in the beginning ( Genesis chapter One ) still exists and people can presume that individuality, an individuality that is neither male nor female. The image of God is differentiated from the fallen Adam of Genesis chapter Two. The Gospel of Thomas advocates that people should reconstruct their individualities as the image of God now, and see the Kingdom of God on Earth now. Thomas reads the first two chapters of Genesis in a straightforward manner, there were two separate creative activities of world ; the first is perfect, the 2nd flawed. Rather than waiting for a future end-time Kingdom to come, Thomas urges people to return to the perfect Kingdom conditions of Genesis chapter one. For Thomas Endzeit ( the concluding apogee of things ) already existed in the Urzeit ( the primordial originative clip of the yesteryear ) . How many words come from Jesus in the Gospel? Who knows for certain? If you take the set of expressions that are in Thomas and that are besides in the Gospels of Mark or Matthew or Luke ( no expressions in Thomas are besides in John ) so you have a set of expressions that instead faithfully come from Jesus. Scholars normally are so influenced by scriptural texts that they assume that any expressions in Thomas that don # 8217 ; t sound like expressions in Matthew/Mark/Luke are hence non expressions of Jesus. However, it is rather possible that Thomas retains expressions that the scriptural Gospels don # 8217 ; t retain and, so, that Thomas is more dependable as a usher to the kind of thing Jesus said than the scriptural Gospels are. Matthew/Mark/Luke give by and big the same point of position sing Jesus as a instructor. Thomas ( and to some extent John ) gives a slightly different point of position. Possibly Thomas # 8217 ; point of position derives from Jesus himself. Or, possibly , non. The Gospel of Thomas is, as you may cognize, non in the Bible. And likely neer will be. The scriptural canon is non unfastened for argument, it is a closed entity. A church that adds Thomas to its aggregation of Bibles would travel outside the borders of Orthodox Christianity and no well-known denomination has the slightest purpose of adding Thomas to its Bibles.

George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis Based on Donna H. Kerr Essay Example

George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis Based on Donna H. Kerr Essay ALFONSO OTERO MIRELES 938394 FOREING POLICY George W. Bush during Afghanistan’s War on Terror POLITICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON DONNA H. KERR The term War on Terror refers to an ongoing, worldwide campaign against terrorism led by the United States and supported by several other countries, most notoriously England and members of NATO. The term was first used under George W. Bush’s administration following the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States, where 2996 people lost their lives and more than 6000 others were injured. Within months after the 9/11 attacks, the US sent troops to Afghanistan because this was believed to be the operational base for Al-Qaeda, at the same time the US looked to dethrone the Taliban regime and ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this middle eastern country. Two years after the occupation, and without yet finding Bin Laden, the US embarks in yet another military invasion, this time against Iraq. This War on Terror has been worldwide known as the Bush War, due to his effusive support and controversy. The implementing agent during Afghanistan’s war is without a doubt the Bush administration, they are the ones who started it, developed it and spent the most money on implementing the war. The authorizing agent in this situation would arguably be the United Nations because According to the UN’s rules, The US had to get approval from the UN’s Security Council in order to go ahead with the wars. In the case of Afghanistan, the UN accepted the occupancy, backing up their decision with the consent of most members plus an official report that stated that around 70% of deaths in this country were caused by the Taliban regime. We will write a custom essay sample on George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis Based on Donna H. Kerr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis Based on Donna H. Kerr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis Based on Donna H. Kerr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Conditional Imperative was the danger that Middle-Eastern Terrorist groups represent for the United States and the world and how nobody, not even the United States was safe from another possible attack. The recurring conditions of post-traumatic fear and terrorism fobia became a part of the everyday life of the average North American; the constant news reports on violence in some Middle Eastern countries was also a condition that needed to be ‘’fixed’’ by the US’s democracy Since its start the United States has maintained itself stable in ll of his policies regarding Afghanistan, they have indeed substituted policies in Iraq (after leaving the country) but as to Afghanistan they have only talked and promised to change it, but up until this day there has been not a notorious substitution of policies. All important declaration were made publicly, virtually everyone in the world was aware of the US’s decision of invading Afghanistan, and most of Bush’s declarations towards the topic. Of course the relevant public in this case would be the US’s government and population, the UK’s government and population and any other country that supported or was against the war, also the United Nations council and of course and Afghanistan’s entire population and ruling powers. GEORGE W. BUSH PERFORMANCE DURING IRAQ’s WAR Bush’s administration decided to go ahead and send troops to Iraq in 2003. With a similar approach as in Afghanistan, the occupation was led by George W. Bush and supported mainly by the UK. The main reasons where the belief that the Iraqi government was harboring weapons of mass destruction and some claims that linked Iraqi officials with terrorist group A-Qaeda. The lack of evidence of this weapons and the high costs of the two wars during times of economic instabilities led to an avalanche of national and international criticism and lack of support for the Bush administration, even though no consistent proof was (or has up to this day) been presented, George W. Bush won the following reelections and the North American troops remained officially in Iraq’s soil until December 2011. The military prescience of the US still remains in Afghanistan up-until this day. Bush’s administration main goals and objectives was primarily finding this infamous Weapons of Mass destruction, hunt down and get rid of all officials linked to Al-Qaeda, this included the nation’s leader Sadaam Hussein, who aside from being accused of crimes against humanity he was also believed to be linked to Al-Qaeda an of course to ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this country. The UN gave Iraq one last opportunity through the resolution 1441 to come clean about the weapons of mass destruction. Iraq allowed inspectors to go and search for them. The United States blamed Iraq’s government of not being cooperative, and went ahead and used the force even though the resolution didn’t authorize the use of force even if they had been found. This is when he first option for Bush comes, he could’ve easily gone the other way and simply acccept the fact that there may not have been any secret weapons in the first place and not does anything relevant in Iraq, including not removing Sadam Hussein from power. A second option could have been accepting the UN’s statement of not using the force, admitting that there isn’t enough proof of the harboring of weapons but still destitute Hussein from power, and install a US hosted presidency. The third option would be also to dethrone Hussein, stop looking for weapons but stop not installing a US government overseas and simply let the Iraqi people decide for themselves. If Bush simply retracted from all accusations against Iraq, sent the troops back and not do anything against Hussein, there would’ve been an initial reaction of public opinion concerning mainly on Bush’s indecision and lack of consistent information. It would be hard to simply accept they were wrong and just leave. Moneywise, the costs of sending troops would still affect the economy but not as much as it did in reality, of course depending on when the decision would’ve been made. Supposing that Bush had accepted its wrongful information referring weapons of mass destruction, decided to leave the country, but not without restituting Hussein, I guess public opinion would judge this decision harsh, he would still increase public debt paying for the time of the troops in Iraq, but would maintain a high influence on this country by imposing its US funded government. I think in a utopian world, Bush should have gone with decision number 3, which meant the same as option two but without imposing its own ‘’democratic’’ government, this would appear as if the country was acting upon mere sympathy, a situation not common at all when it involves the US and wars. The Iraqi people could choose whatever form of government they wanted, which for me I think it sounds fair, it shouldn’t be up to the superpowers decide who will rule over weaker countries, but on the other hand I would suppose violence would increase, division and the local hunt for power could bring a mess of a consequence. Other countries and organizations including peace corps and the UN could also help out control the mayhem. Many theories surrounding the veracity of this accusations and the lack of overall evidence that backed up the US’s actions led to questioning over the real goals for George W. Bush in Iraq. Public opposition claimed that Bush was looking only in Iraq for oil and more power. Accoring to author John Harold Chapman of UK’s newspaper, the whole purpose behind the war was the hunt for oil and that the economic situation upon which the United States was going through justifies this answer. In his own words: Control over Iraqi oil should improve security of supplies to the US, and possibly the UK, with the development and exploration contracts between Saddam and China, France, India, Indonesia and Russia being set aside in favour of US and possibly British companies. And a US military presence in Iraq is an insurance policy against any extremists in Iran and Saudi Arabia. The prisoners dilemma represent BUSH on one hand with two options, whether to admit the lack of proof refereeing to weapons of mass destructions in Iraq, and on the other hand the percentage of his political party that supports him. Which in a way are pretending not to know about the lack of evidence and in a way ‘’hope for the other prisoner to be quiet. All assumptions are based on the hypothetically situation in which both know the weapons are a lie. 1)In one paragraph, describe and analyze the leader’s use of â€Å"cognitive shortcuts† and experience with â€Å"cognitive dissonance. † For example, the policy and culture of the Bush administration was one of war expansion, regardless of fact. They sought war and when confronted with conflicting evidence and faulty intelligence on Saddam Hussein, they went ahead and invaded anyway. Minimum paragraphs: 1 Minimum sources: 1 (excluding Neack) As to cognitive dissonance and Bush, I would say it’s a trick that he has played to the US government, he can go and invade a foreign country, in the case of Iraq, knowing that there isn’t enough proof to go and invade, both a big number or Iraqui civilians and US soldiers will lose their lives, public debt will increase, the already unstable economy will get directly affected but at the end, he uses this psychological tool to exclude and not metion the downside of going to war and just promising democracy for the needy, a ‘’greater good’’. Hurrican Katrin is also a good example of the hand-picking selection of information provided to the public regarding the delay of the help post-hurricane. Both appointments occurred under President Bush, who in 2001 also appointed two other civilians, James Roche (General Motors) and Thomas E. White (Enron), to head the Air Force and Army. William D. Hartung, Head of the Arms Trade Resource Center, challenged the appointments because he felt it was unethical to appoint businessmenwhose former companies would be the prime beneficiaries of increases in defense spending. Hartung further noted that at no time in recent history had military appointments been made from the civilian sector. With the use of cognitive shortcuts, Bush’s administration has been dealing with the big percentage of public discontent, providing only certain information that could be relevant in some cases, for example during the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, he never gave a real reason why there was a significant delay of help provided by the government, but instead he only focused on informing how much the delayed help forces helped once they arrived there. Iraq would still be the best example, by the big amoung of congnotive shortcuts used to cover the lack of information regarding Al-Qaeda’s connection to Iraq and evidently about the weapons. Comments: Good job, but you missed the Bureaucratic Model section! Some of your bibliography formatting was not correct. Grade: B+ Kerr, D. (1976). The logic of policy and successful policies. Policy Sciences, 7(3), 351-363. Neack, L. (2008). The new foreign policy: Power seeking in a globalized era. (Second ed. . Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign policy analysis: A comparative introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ARTICLE UN – TALIBAN 70% DEATHS http://articles. cnn. com/2011-12-15/middleeast/world_meast_iraq-us-ceremony_1_iraq-war-iraq-body-count-iraqis-struggle? _s=PM:MIDDLEEAST UN RESOLUTION 1441 http://www. undemocracy. com/securitycouncil/meeting_4644#pg010-bk01 JOHN HARROLD CHAPMAN, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2004/ jul/28/iraq. usa

Sweetness Overload 14 Cute Valentines Day Gifts Ideas

Sweetness Overload 14 Cute Valentines Day Gifts Ideas If you’re looking for some Valentine’s Day gift ideas that off the charts in terms of cuteness and sweetness, then this article is definitely for you. Each one of these 14 ideas is a bottomless pit of adorable potential that you can use to really make an impression this year on someone extra special. The key theme that we’ll be focusing on is personalization. When you put in some extra effort and make the gift unique that really says something to them that no generic gift off the shelf can really accomplish. Let’s begin. 1. Homemade Plant Holder Getting flowers and a vase is nice, but why not make something yourself that they can use and keep in their home or kitchen for the rest of their lives? What can you use to make a plant-holder which could have their name on it, or a special message? 2. Get Fridge-Crafty Make a sweet fridge magnet yourself. Or, you could find a really cute retail magnet and then spruce it up with your own decorations. 3. Make Your Own Card Instead of buying a card from the shelf, make one yourself. Again, there are almost endless possibilities here. When possible go with something other than paper. Find a surface that will last longer. 4. Use Expensive Chocolate Instead of going for some dirt-cheap chocolate, why not get some quality stuff with a really interesting story behind it. For example, Endangered Species chocolate is not only super health and organic (mega-tasty), but a portion of the proceeds goes toward saving an†¦endangered species. How sweet is that? 5. Paint The Cup Yourself Everybody loves a quality coffee mug. Here’s a thought: paint it yourself! Who cares whether or not it’s the best or worst paint job ever? You’re making something unique and that’s a big deal to everyone. 6. Healthy Heart-Shaped Baking Go for a super-healthy cookie or cake mix and include some organic frosting for an extra special statement that says, â€Å"I wanted to give you something sweet, but healthy as well.† 7. Really Say Something Don’t just put the ordinary drivel in their card. Really write something from the heart that will make their eyes tear up. Honestly and sincerity with some love behind it. 8. Frame Custom Cuteness-Art Getting the frame is easy. Then it becomes a matter of using your creative energy to put something within it that communicates to them how special they are. 9. An Original Pillow It’s too easy to just go out and buy some industrial throw pillow that’s soft for a while but then quickly gets old or thrown into the closet. Instead, make one yourself that they’ll keep on their bed for years. Oh, and make sure to give it a nice scent with some cologne or perfume. 10. A Photo Kiosk Experience! This is the perfect addition to any Valentine’s Day. They typically have them in malls. You know, the little photo booths with enough room for two that takes four pictures? Get goofy. Get silly. Hug and have a smooch! 11. Go Back to Grade School Remember Valentine’s Day back in grade school when everyone would make, fill out and then give cards to others? What if you got all the supplies and stuff and sat down with a special someone to make cards for one another? So cute! 12. Make a Special Valentine’s Day Shirt Maybe it won’t be a shirt they wear to school, but for one day they could and it will really add a layer of uniqueness. Don’t make it embarrassing! And make sure it fits them rather than looking like a hand-painted parachute shirt. If you want to go into sweetness overdrive, create a matching one for yourself that you can wear along with them. 13. Incorporate some Fitness Most of us imagine stores full of boxes of chocolate, cupcakes and candy on Valentine’s Day. It’s how the special day has been heavily monetized by the retail industry. But not everyone has a sweet tooth or is interested in fattening sweets. Maybe they would prefer to get outside and go on a hike, jog or bike ride with their special someone? That’s also super cute, especially if you’re wearing the special shirts you made, or you’ve laced up the bike seats with special Valentine’s Day decorations! 14. Go Completely Overboard What if they walked into their front door to a tsunami of red, purple and pink balloons? What if they do have more than one sweet tooth and you ordered 30 boxes of chocolates with a massive bouquet of flowers to their address? There’s many ways you can go overboard, more so than you ever have or ever will again. Now that’s sweet! Tell us something you’ve done or plan to do this Valentine’s Day that you know will really work wonders in the sweetness department.

Discovery of HIV Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discovery of HIV - Research Paper Example Many people still do not understand the origin of HIV and the truth behind it. This paper, therefore, describes the discovery and origin of HIV, including how the scientific agreements and consensus-building are based on evidences and logics. Diagram: How HIV Invade T-Cell Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v8/n6/fig_tab/nri2302_F4.html The history of HIV discovery began in late 1970s, when many people believed that epidemic diseases caused by microbes and viruses were never a threat to developed and industrialized countries. In addition, many people also believed that viruses never caused cancer, and nothing existed as retrovirus, which infected humans (Barre-Sinoussi, 2010). These beliefs, however, were successfully approved by scientist researchers, since the attempts to find retroviruses in cancer and other diseases in human beings all ended up in vain. Most retrovirus researchers also turned their work to study oncogenes (Gallo & Montagnier, 2003). The establishme nt of HIV and AIDS began with the identification of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). These viruses were established to cause the abnormal T-cell leukemia. The other contributor to the discovery of HIV and AIDS is the process for growing T lymphocytes in culture for a period that is enough to allow development of putative latent retrovirus (Marlin & Ed, 2011). This research study helped in the separation of T-cell growth factor in Bethesda, Maryland. In Paris, it was demonstrated that interferon can suppress the production of retroviruses in mouse cell. This idea led to the use of anti-interferon serum in the search for human retroviruses (Levy, 1993). Francoise Barre-Sinoussi Francoise Barre-Sinoussi is a young retroviriologist working at the institute Pasteur in Paris. One year earlier, a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii (p jirovecii) causing pneumonia infection had been established among gay men in Los Angeles, USA. This paved way for research and disc overy of global AIDS epidemic (Barre-Sinoussi, 2010). Barre-Sinoussi’s began her research work together with Willy Rozenbaum. They focused their research in patients who had not developed AIDS; since they discovered that infected patients lacked CD4 cells if at all the causative agent was attacked T lymphocytes. Barre-Sinoussi, along side other researchers from institute Pasteur, began their work by growing cells from a biopsy that was obtained from a patient. These cells were obtained from a cell culture in the presence of interleukin 2, initially known as T-cell growth factor (Barre-Sinoussi, 2010). They were focused to obtain a retrovirus, and during that period, HTLV-1 was the recognized model of human retrovirus. These researchers, however, did not assume that the virus had the same characteristics as HTLV-1. After two weeks, they realized a reverse transcriptase activity in the culture. Instead of the virus immortalizing other cells, they were found dead. In order to sa ve the virus, they asked for a new sample and quickly added lymphocytes from the culture (Barre-Sinoussi, 2010). Again, they noticed a reversed transcriptase activity in the new sample. Over the following years, tests were developed, the virus characterized, and confirmatory discoveries made. The research community then named this virus as HIV. After the initial discoveries, Barre-Sinoussi still continued with her research work focusing primarily on the

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Declaration of Independence - Essay Example There is no big difference between the initial Declaration and the final version. Most of the wording was retained as it was in the initial document. Very minimal alterations were made on the document. In comparing Jefferson’s initial Declaration with the final version, it can be noted that most of the alterations made were on the wording in the document. This was more for the purpose of clarity than for alteration of meaning of the words in the Declaration. Of the draft presented to Congress, only two passages were rejected directly by Congress. One of the passages referred to the English people in an inappropriate manner which did not go down well with congress since even the Americans were of British roots. The other passage which denounced slavery and slave trade did not please Congress as many members owned slaves and were not willing to set them free. The alterations of the wording in the document was to give the document a more personalized feel as will be explained by the following examples. Some of the alterations for example at the start of the Declaration where the article â€Å"of† is changed to â€Å"by†, was intended to bring out the aspect of personalization. The alteration of the words â€Å"sacred & undeniable† to read â€Å"self evident† may have been done to avoid the statement a religious feel. Some alterations were made for grammatical purposes to avoid unintended meanings from statements. This is evident in the second paragraph where the article â€Å"in† was deleted before the word â€Å"rights†. It is clear from this example that inclusion of the article would have given the statement a different meaning that was not intended by the drafters of the declaration. Other alterations may have been made to correct human error as in the case where Jefferson deletes the words â€Å"he has dissolved† from the beginning of a line he was writing. It is clear that this was because he was repeating the previous line and on

Art of the americas before 1300 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Art of the americas before 1300 - Research Paper Example Another theory states that some of the original Americans used boats to cross into the Americas. The theories placed the crossings to between 30,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C (Kleiner 511). By the 8,000 B.C. to 2,000 B.C., the Stone Age hunters changed their ways from travelling to settling down in communities. The hunter age was characterized as individuals moving in the path of their prey. The hunters had to move from one place to another in order to catch their animal food objects. If the hunters stayed in one place permanently, the hunters may die from hunger. The wandering animal food sources would soon disappear. By changing their ways to a community life, the hunters decided to engage in agriculture. With agriculture, the people were able to grow their own food. The harvested plants and fruits became the food source of the settled communities. Likewise, some of the hunters decided to establish animal farms. The animals were grown on farms. When the animals were of eating age, the ind ividuals cooked the slaughtered animals (Kleiner 511). Further, the people decided to engage in fishing. Living near the seashores, the settled communities of the Americas used different hunting tools to catch fish. Some caught small fish. Other more experienced individuals were able to catch bigger and stronger fish types (Kleiner 511). As the communities settled down for many years, the communities established better community cooperation. The communities were characterized as having high levels of social complexities. Likewise, the communities improved their technological skills. The South Americans started to use Llamas as a means of better transportation. The Llamas were used to carry humans, food, and other materials (Kleiner 511). In terms of engineering and infrastructure, the Americas during this time period build complex roads. The people also built bridges to connect two nearby communities. The communities’ complexities contributed to their becoming complicated net works of cities. The early engineers were instrumental in the establishment of irrigation systems. The irrigation systems enhanced the drainage systems (Kleiner 511). After the above complexities of the Americas prior to the 1300s flourished, the people turned art to entertain themselves. The art forms included carved towering monumental stone statues. Other types of art forms included the reliefs. A third form of art form was the painted extensive murals. Additionally, the people turned to weaving to cover their bodies. The people also engaged in pottery. Other members of society were busy doing metal works (Kleiner 511). The Americas are divided into three groups. First, the Mesoamerica region included several current day nations. One nation is Mexico. Another nation is Guatemala. A third nation is the Belize. A fourth nation is the Honduras. Another country is El Salvador. The Aztec empire flourished during the 1485 – 1547 B.C. time period. When the Spanish invading army o f Hernan Cortes attacked and conquered the Aztec kingdom, the people decided to vacate the place. Consequently, the works of art were left at the mercy of nature. The Spanish invaders decided to destroy the Aztec kingdom in order to eliminate the pagan religions. With the elimination, the Spanish conquerors imposed the Roman Catholic religion on the people. Consequently, t

Understanding The Context Of Securitization Theory Philosophy Essay

Understanding The Context Of Securitization Theory Philosophy Essay Over the last decade, contemporary security studies witnessed a fundamental attempt by various social constructivist approaches to re-conceptualize the traditional notion of security as a perception of objective threat, and redefine the theoretical agenda of security studies. One of the most influential and eminent analytical frameworks among these approaches, the securitization theory, developed by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and their associates from what came to be later known as the Copenhagen School, based the meaning of security upon the socially constructed practice among actors. The core hypothesis of the Copenhagen School rests with the designation of securitization as a discoursive process through which an intersubjective understanding is constructed within a political community to treat something as an existential threat to a valued referent object, and to enable a call for urgent and exceptional measures to deal with the threat.  [1]   Thus, successful securitization encompasses three inextricable components existential threats, emergency action, and effects on inter-unit relations by breaking free of rules.  [2]  This, however, leads to an epistemological dilemma of whether the main purpose of securitization theory is to focus on the speech act as a creative force of security or to relate the establishment of security articulations to the context in which an interplay of the securitizing actor and a relevant audience takes its place. In other words, the enduring problem in the analytical framework of the securitization theory is what or who decisively invokes the move beyond the sphere of normal politics the speech act itself or the context in which relevant actors interacts. Consequently, this theoretical problem triggered two distinct interpretations of securitization theory. The first interpretation adhered to a rather internalist reading of securitization claiming that the security can be understood as a self-referential activity,  [3]  while the second standpoint, labeled externalist, correctly pointed out that the Copenhagen School generally put aside the contextual aspects in the analytical framework of the securitization theory, and in contrast proposed a conception of security as an intersubjective process  [4]  . The internalist point of view, narrowly based on the poststructuralist reading of securitization, is focused on the speech act event, and is anchored in the notion of a performativity, i.e. a result of the securitization is determined by the power of the act itself. In contrast, the externalist perspective rests with a more complex understanding of the securitization as a process of interactions between the audience and the secu ritizing actor through which a meaning of security is brought to existence. In particular, the former assert that the determinant power inherent in the discourse creates an exceptionality modus, whereas the latter link the effects of securitization to the context in which an interplay between the securitizing actor and a relevant audience occurs. The internalist understanding of the securitization theory rests with Waevers interpretation in Securitization and Desecuritization where it is, by drawing on John L. Austins concept of performative utterances,  [5]  claimed that the mere utterance of security is more than just saying or portraying an event, but performing an action that moves an issue beyond normal politics.  [6]  Whether this utterance of security is related to a particular context in which a stimulus triggers a response is irrelevant for the internalists. Contrary to the externalist argument that the communication between the agency and a respective audience enables the endowment of extraordinary measures, the internalists downplay the role of the context to the performative force of the speech act to impose an extraordinary situation and create a security. In particular, by referring to Derridas claim that there is nothing outside the text, the internalist understanding of the securitization concludes tha t the indeterminate nature of a speech act itself has a power to create new circumstances in a broader social framework. More specifically, it is not the sender-responder relation that bears authority in imposing the exceptional conditions, as the externalists suggest, but rather it is about the very nature of the performative speech act that constitutes not only new meaning, but also the social actors and reality.  [7]   However, this particular perspective on the determinacy of the situation by merely uttering the speech act has two shortcomings. Firstly, given the nature of the performative act which is in the internalist notion solely regarded as the language-discoursive framework, one can argue that this is only one means through which the meaning of security is constructed. More specifically, the speech act of securitization cannot be reducible to verbal phrases or rhetoric, because what portrays something or someone as an existential threat is a broader performative act composed of different contextual and symbolic patterns that increase the overall effectiveness of an appeal for emergency measures. As Michael Williams shrewdly notes, the television images of 9/11 destruction, casualties and human suffering have considerably contributed to the dominant perceptions of security and to a construction of a necessary response to an existential threat.  [8]  Secondly, it is not the utterance of p erformative act that creates a meaning of security, but rather the routinized practices of the bureaucratic machinery and professional managers of unease applied to various issue areas that allow the act to urge an embracement of extraordinary measures.  [9]  In particular, surveillance practice, the control of borders or immigration policy is an ultimate aim behind the use of language by networks of security professionals that generate specific meaning of (in) security. Related to the second shortcoming, the externalist reading of securitization contributes to the debate by adding a social and political context in which the practice is exercised by relevant structures. In general, by referring to the concepts of the audience and the facilitating conditions suggested by Buzan et al. (1998) in Security: A New Framework for Analysis, the externalist understanding transfers the creation of the meaning from the speech act to the intersubjective level of analysis. Thus, rather than reducing the securitization to a discoursive event, the externalist understanding draws on a broader conception-a dynamics between the securitizing actor initiating the speech act, and a relevant audience accepting or refusing it.  [10]  The interpretation and depiction of the existential threat are, in other words, negotiated between the actor and a respective audience. Nevertheless, although the speech act is enacted and introduced by the authoritative actor, it is the au dience in this relationship that decides whether the discourse will be accepted as an appropriate narrative.  [11]  In addition, following the concept of facilitating conditions the exceptionalist logic infers that the possibility of a successful securitization act will depend on whether the audience recognizes the conventional procedures within the performative act, and whether the securitizing actor holds a position of authority.  [12]   Nevertheless, both concepts (the audience and the facilitating conditions) are theoretically underdeveloped leaving many epistemological gaps in the analytical framework of the securitization. Firstly, even if one identifies a relevant audience, the question remains why and how the receivers will react to the utterance of the act. Although coercion or brute force may in general be effective, in order to maintain credibility the securitizing actor will particularly need to identify his/her move beyond normal politics with the audiences values, norms, interests and feelings. Thus the content of the performative message would need to be contingent upon the moral justification corresponding to what is generally perceived as legitimate by the audience, and upon the approval of the legal authority.  [13]  Yet, it still remains unclear what constitutes the broader socio-political basis for the securitizing actor to claim authority to impose measures and for the audience to conform to th e language of the act. However, the concept of facilitating conditions is a rather objectivist, to the extent that it posits the discoursive process inside the exogenously given actor-audience structure and at the same time it is static, in terms of reducing a securitization to a mere event dependent on the stimulus-response pattern. To comprehensively grasp the essence of the securitization, one therefore needs to move beyond both internalist and externalist understanding and analyze the audiences expectations, the actors authority and a meaning of the speech act as embedded in social relations of meaning and power that constitutes both actors and speech acts.  [14]   The seemingly unavoidable gap between the two understandings may be bridged through the internalist-externalist distinction developed by Holger Stritzel who seeks to establish a context in which the actor, an audience and the speech act are embedded as mutually constitutive and non-separable relations. The context in this view is constituted of two dimensions: social-linguistic, referring to the networks of constitutive rules and narratives that surround a single linguistic act and socio-political, i.e. structures from which the power to influence the process of constructing meaning is derived  [15]  . Consequently, the power connectedness of the three elements of securitization is interlinked with the two dimensions through the constitution of three forces of securitization: the performative force of the speech act (internalist), its embeddedness in the existing discourse (externalist) and the positional power of actors who shape the meaning (internalist-externalist).  [16]  What Stritzel effectively achieves with his analytical framework is three-fold: firstly, the moving from the given meaning of the threat to the meaning generated by the dynamic social interactions; secondly, the interrelatedness between the text of the speech act and the discoursive practices add a missing part to the internalist notion of the speech act as an utterance itself; finally, the power position of the actor that underpins his/her authority departs from both the inclusive nature of the linguistic concept of power outlined by the internalist reading, and the exogenously defined relationship between the actor and the audience proposed by the externalist understanding of securitization. In conclusion, the epistemological division between the internalist and the externalist view, as shrewdly suggested by Stritzel, may be bypassed through the establishment of interconnectidness between the language act and actors/audience within the mutually constitutive social context. Nevertheless, the dilemma about which element decisively constitutes the security persists within the securitization theory. As McDonald effectively put it, the incoherence within the existing analytical framework of securitization theory will lead to the downplay of either the performative effects of the speech act or the inter-subjective nature of security.  [17]  Therefore, a closer focus on different empirical cases may provide useful insights into the problematic of the speech act-actor-audience triangle, and moreover contribute to the analytical framework of securitization theory.

The Churches Of Christ: A Comparative Essay :: essays research papers

The Churches of Christ: A Comparative Essay Over the past ten years there has been much controversy in the Christian and secular media about the International Churches of Christ (ICC), and the United (or mainline) Church of Christ (CoC). This controversy has stemmed from the ICC's misuse of funds, doctrinal problems, member abuse, and mind-control. The differences between the CoC and the ICC are important for Christians know and understand. The CoC began in 1957 when these four groups merged The Congregational Churches, The Christian Church, The Evangelical Synod of North America, and The Reformed Church in the United States. These churches had firm Protestant roots in England, Germany, Sweden, and the United States, totaling over 49 years in their own traditions and fellowship. On June 25, of 1957, the four churches held a synod meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, to commit more fully to unity, liberty, freedom in Christ, and the evangelism of the world. These groups, under the head of the Uniting General Synod, became the United Churches of Christ. Today the CoC has over two thousand registered churches in the world. By 1979, the roots of the CoC were firmly in place. It was then that Chuck Lucas, a pastor at the Gainesville Church of Christ (mainline), met a young college student, Kip McKean, and began discipling him. Kip was a bright student and showed great potential for leadership in the church. However, something in the discipling process went wrong. Kip was expelled from the Gainesville church later that year for reasons dealing with departure from the CoC doctrine, manipulative attitude, unclear motivation, and controlling of other's lives. Kip and his wife Elena moved to Boston and started a small church that grew rapidly from thirty to over three hundred disciples in two months. Kip (who, by this time, proclaimed himself as "God's man for God's mission") then declared in his Evangelism Proclamation speech in 1981 that disciples of his Boston church would be sent out to start sister churches in London, Chicago, New York, Toronto, Providence, Johannesburg, Paris, Stockholm, Mexico City, Hong Kong, Bombay, Cairo, and throughout the United States by the year of 1985. His success with this goal led him to present another Evangelism Proclamation in 1990 that said that every city in the world with a population of over 75,000 will have a sister church by the year 2000. Today the ICC is in over seventy two countries, with a recorded attendance (as of January 1997) of 920,000 people. It is important to note that the ICC's current "fall-away (members who leave the church) rate" is